How to Grow and Care for Grapes

Grapes are a versatile and rewarding addition to any garden, offering varieties that range from cold-hardy American grapes to the wine-friendly European types. These vines can thrive for decades with proper care, though they do require some effort in pruning and training. Whether for fresh eating, juicing, or winemaking, grapes bring both beauty and utility to your garden.

Different Methods to Grow Grapes

Growing grapes on a trellis or arbor

This method involves using a sturdy structure with posts and latticework to support the grapevines as they grow. The vines are trained to grow vertically and then spread out along the top of the arbor or trellis.

• Pros: Provides strong support for the vines, allows for better air circulation, reducing the risk of disease, and can create a beautiful and dramatic garden feature.
• Cons: Requires more space and materials to build, and is more complex to set up and maintain.

Growing grapes on a stake

This method uses a single sturdy stake placed next to the grapevine. The vine is trained to grow vertically up the stake, and side canes are pruned to manage growth and fruit production.

• Pros: Requires less space, suitable for smaller gardens, and is easier to set up and maintain.
• Cons: Provides less support compared to a trellis or arbor, and may require more frequent pruning to manage growth.

Ideal Soil and Location Requirements

Grapes thrive in deep, well-drained, and loose soil with a slightly acidic to neutral pH. They require full sun exposure and good air circulation. Planting in early spring and providing a support structure like a trellis or stake is essential for optimal growth.

When to Plant Grapes

Grapes should be planted in early spring, after the last hard freeze has passed. This timing ensures that the young vines are not damaged by frost. Planting during this period allows the vines to establish roots before the growing season begins in earnest.

Growing Grapes Outdoors

The best method to grow grapes outdoors in a garden is by planting them in early spring using dormant, bare-root plants. This method is the easiest because it ensures the vines establish roots before the growing season begins, simplifying the planting process and increasing the chances of successful growth.

1. Choose the right location. Select a site with full sun and well-drained, loose soil.
2. Install a support structure. Set up a trellis or stake at the time of planting to support the grapevines as they grow.
3. Soak the roots. Before planting, soak the roots of the dormant, bare-root plants in water for 2-3 hours.
4. Dig the planting hole. Dig a hole 12 inches deep and 12 inches wide. Fill the bottom 4 inches with topsoil.
5. Prepare the roots. Trim any broken roots and set the vine slightly deeper than it grew in the nursery.
6. Cover the roots. Cover the roots with 6 inches of soil, tamp down gently, and then fill the hole with the remaining soil without tamping.
7. Water the plant. Water the grapevine thoroughly at the time of planting.
8. Mulch the base. Apply mulch around the base of the plant to maintain soil moisture.
9. Prune the vines. In late winter, prune the vines to maintain a balance of new and old canes. For trellis-grown grapes, prune to maintain structure; for stake-grown grapes, prune side canes to three buds in the first winter, and to six to ten buds in subsequent winters.
10. Protect the fruit. Use a mesh net to protect budding fruit from birds and other pests.
11. Monitor growth. Do not fertilize in the first year unless necessary. Ensure the vines receive adequate water, especially during dry periods.
12. Harvest the grapes. Test grapes for ripeness before harvesting, usually in late summer or early fall. Store the harvested grapes in a cool, dry place.

Growing Grapes Indoors

Growing grapes indoors is not feasible due to their need for extensive sunlight, space, and support structures. However, for those interested in growing grapes outdoors, here is a step-by-step guide:

1. Choose the right location. Select a site with full sun and well-drained, loose soil.
2. Install a support structure. Set up a trellis or stake at the time of planting to support the grapevines as they grow.
3. Soak the roots. Before planting, soak the roots of the dormant, bare-root plants in water for 2-3 hours.
4. Dig the planting hole. Dig a hole 12 inches deep and 12 inches wide. Fill the bottom 4 inches with topsoil.
5. Prepare the roots. Trim any broken roots and set the vine slightly deeper than it grew in the nursery.
6. Cover the roots. Cover the roots with 6 inches of soil, tamp down gently, and then fill the hole with the remaining soil without tamping.
7. Water the plant. Water the grapevine thoroughly at the time of planting.
8. Mulch the base. Apply mulch around the base of the plant to maintain soil moisture.
9. Prune the vines. In late winter, prune the vines to maintain a balance of new and old canes. For trellis-grown grapes, prune to maintain structure; for stake-grown grapes, prune side canes to three buds in the first winter, and to six to ten buds in subsequent winters.
10. Protect the fruit. Use a mesh net to protect budding fruit from birds and other pests.
11. Monitor growth. Do not fertilize in the first year unless necessary. Ensure the vines receive adequate water, especially during dry periods.
12. Harvest the grapes. Test grapes for ripeness before harvesting, usually in late summer or early fall. Store the harvested grapes in a cool, dry place.

Grapes produce fruit on shoots growing off of one-year-old canes. Proper pruning is essential to ensure a good yield.

Caring for Grapes

1. Watering: Ensure your grapevines receive consistent moisture, especially during dry periods. Use mulch around the base to help retain soil moisture and reduce the need for frequent watering.
2. Fertilizing: Avoid fertilizing in the first year unless there's a soil issue. In the second year, apply a light fertilizer to support growth. Over-fertilizing can lead to excessive foliage at the expense of fruit production.
3. Pest Management: Keep an eye out for common pests like aphids, Japanese beetles, and powdery mildew. Regularly inspect your vines and use appropriate treatments, such as insecticidal soap for aphids or neem oil for mildew, to keep these pests in check.
4. Pruning: Prune your grapevines in late winter to maintain a balance of new and old canes. Proper pruning encourages healthy growth and maximizes fruit yield.
5. Harvesting: Harvest grapes in early fall when they are rich in color, juicy, and full-flavored. Test for ripeness by tasting a few grapes; they should be sweet with a slight tartness. Store harvested grapes in a cool, dry place, away from other fruits and vegetables to prevent odor absorption.

Common Challenges With Grapes

Grapes are generally considered vigorous growers, making them relatively easy to cultivate with the right care. They can produce fruit within a few years, especially when properly pruned and trained. In my experience, once you get the hang of the initial setup, grapevines can be quite rewarding, offering a bountiful harvest for many years. However, they do require a sunny location and well-drained soil to thrive.

Despite their resilience, growing grapes comes with its set of challenges. Common issues include pests like aphids and Japanese beetles, and diseases such as powdery mildew and black rot. Proper pruning and training are essential to ensure good air circulation and reduce disease risk. Additionally, selecting a site with full sun and well-drained soil is crucial. In my garden, I've found that consistent monitoring and timely interventions can make a significant difference in maintaining healthy vines.

Safety of Grapes for Pets

Grapes are toxic to dogs, cats, and ferrets. Ingestion can lead to severe kidney failure. If you suspect your pet has consumed grapes, contact the ASPCA Animal Poison Control 24-hour hotline immediately.

Frequently Asked Questions

How often should a newly bought grapevine be watered?

Newly bought grapevines should be watered thoroughly at the time of planting. Afterward, maintain consistent moisture, especially during dry periods, to help the young vines establish strong roots. Mulching around the base can help retain soil moisture.

Will grapevines grow well in pots versus in the ground?

Grapevines can grow in pots, but they thrive better in the ground due to their extensive root systems. Potted grapevines require more frequent watering and may need additional support structures to accommodate their growth.

Are grapevines slow to show growth after planting?

Yes, grapevines can be slow to show growth initially. It may take a few years for them to establish and produce fruit. Patience and proper care, including pruning and training, are essential for successful growth and fruit production.

Can grapevines be transplanted to another location?

Grapevines can be transplanted, but it is best done during their dormant period in late winter or early spring. Ensure the new location has full sun and well-drained soil. Water the transplanted vine thoroughly to help it establish in its new spot.