Eggplants, or Solanum melongena, are warm-season vegetables known for their vibrant colors and unique shapes. Varieties range from the slender Japanese types to the round 'Rosa Bianca'. While they thrive in full sun and well-drained soil, eggplants can be moderately challenging to grow due to their need for consistent warmth and susceptibility to pests. However, their ornamental beauty and culinary versatility make the effort worthwhile.
- Common Names: Aubergine, Brinjal, Mad Apple
- Scientific Name: Solanum melongena
- Plant Type: Perennial, vegetable
- Plant Height: 2-4 feet
- Growing Difficulty: Medium
- Growing Time: 65-80 days after transplanting
- Bloom Time: Summer
- Temperature: 70-85°F
- Hardiness Zone: 9b-12a (Find your hardiness zone here)
- Sunlight: Full Sun
- Soil pH: 5.5-7.5
- Watering Frequency: Consistent watering to keep soil moist
- Plant Spacing: 24-30 inches apart in rows 3 feet apart
Different Methods to Grow Eggplant
Using Transplants
Purchase 6- to 8-week-old nursery transplants and plant them in the garden after the last frost. This method provides a head start on the growing season and is ideal for those who want quicker results.
- Pros: Quick start, less time to harvest.
- Cons: Higher initial cost, limited variety selection.
Starting Seeds Indoors
Sow seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost date. Transplant the seedlings into the garden once they are strong enough and the weather is warm.
- Pros: Greater variety selection, cost-effective.
- Cons: Requires more time and effort, need for indoor growing space.
Growing in Containers
Use dark-colored containers with premium potting mix. Place them in full sun and ensure proper watering and fertilization. This method is perfect for those with limited garden space.
- Pros: Flexibility in placement, ideal for small spaces, easier to control soil conditions.
- Cons: Requires frequent watering, limited root space.
Ideal Soil and Location Requirements
Eggplants thrive in well-drained, loamy soil rich in organic matter, with a pH between 5.8 and 6.5. They require full sun, at least six hours daily, and benefit from raised beds or containers to ensure warm soil and good drainage.
When to Plant Eggplant
Eggplants should be planted in mid- to late spring, well after the last frost. Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the final frost date. Transplant them outdoors when daytime temperatures are 70-75°F and nighttime temperatures are 60-65°F, ensuring no risk of frost remains.
Growing Eggplant Outdoors
For home gardeners, the best method to grow eggplant outdoors is by using raised beds enriched with composted manure. This method is the easiest because raised beds warm up quickly, provide excellent drainage, and ensure the plants receive full sun. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you grow eggplant successfully in your garden:
- Start seeds indoors. Sow seeds 6-8 weeks before the last spring frost date. Plant them ¼ inch deep in flats or peat pots.
- Prepare the soil. A week before transplanting, mix 1 inch of well-rotted manure or compost into the soil. Ensure the soil is well-drained and loamy.
- Transplant seedlings. After the last frost, when daytime temperatures are 70-75°F and nighttime temperatures are 60-65°F, transplant the seedlings outdoors. Space them 24-30 inches apart in rows 3 feet apart.
- Choose a sunny spot. Ensure the planting site receives at least 6-8 hours of direct sunlight daily.
- Water consistently. Keep the soil moist to a depth of at least 6 inches. Use mulch to retain moisture and suppress weeds.
- Fertilize regularly. Apply a balanced fertilizer every 2 weeks. Avoid excessive nitrogen to prevent too much vegetative growth.
- Stake the plants. As the eggplants grow, use stakes to support them and prevent the branches from breaking under the weight of the fruit.
- Monitor for pests. Use row covers to protect young plants from pests. Handpick pests like Colorado potato beetles and use insecticidal soap if necessary.
Growing Eggplant Indoors
Growing eggplant indoors is entirely possible and can be quite successful with the right approach. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you grow eggplant indoors:
- Choose the right container. Use a dark-colored pot that is at least five gallons in size to absorb more sunlight and provide warm soil conditions.
- Prepare the soil. Fill the container with a premium potting mix that is well-draining and rich in organic matter. Ensure the soil pH is between 5.5 and 7.5.
- Start seeds indoors. Sow seeds ¼ inch deep in the pot 8-9 weeks before the last spring frost date. Keep the soil consistently moist.
- Provide adequate light. Place the container by your brightest window where it can receive at least six hours of direct sunlight daily. Supplement with grow lights if necessary.
- Maintain optimal temperature. Ensure the indoor temperature stays between 70-90°F. Avoid exposing the plants to temperatures below 55°F or above 95°F.
- Water consistently. Keep the soil moist to a depth of at least 6 inches. Use a soaker hose or drip system to avoid waterlogging.
- Fertilize regularly. Apply a balanced 5-10-10 fertilizer when planting seedlings and follow up with additional feedings every two weeks.
- Provide support. Use stakes or cages to support the plants as they grow to prevent branches from breaking under the weight of the fruit.
- Prune as needed. Pinch out terminal growing points for a bushier plant and remove extra flowers to restrict fruit to five or six per plant for bigger fruits.
Eggplant's leaves, stems, roots, and flowers can be toxic to people and pets. Always handle the plant with care and ensure it is kept out of reach of curious pets and children.
Caring for Eggplant
- Water consistently: Keep the soil moist but not waterlogged. Using a soaker hose or drip system at ground level is ideal to ensure even watering. Mulching can help retain moisture and reduce weeds.
- Fertilize regularly: Apply a balanced fertilizer every two weeks. Avoid excessive nitrogen to prevent too much vegetative growth. For container-grown eggplants, use a slow-release fertilizer and switch to a 10-10-10 formula every 10 to 14 days when fruits appear.
- Monitor for pests: Common pests include Colorado potato beetles, flea beetles, tomato hornworms, and whiteflies. Handpick pests, use row covers, and invite beneficial insects to keep these pests at bay. Insecticidal soap can also be effective.
- Harvest at the right time: Eggplants are best harvested when young and their skin is dark and glossy. Use a sharp knife to cut through the tough stem above the green cap. Check your plants every 2 to 3 days once they start producing.
- Provide support: Use stakes or cages to support the plants as they grow. This prevents branches from breaking under the weight of the fruit and helps maintain plant structure.
Common Challenges With Eggplant
Eggplant is a relatively easy plant to grow, provided it gets enough warmth and sunlight. In my experience, starting seeds indoors and transplanting them after the last frost can give you a head start. Raised beds and containers are particularly effective as they warm up quickly, ensuring the plants thrive. Consistent watering and balanced fertilization are key to healthy growth, making eggplant a rewarding addition to any garden.
However, growing eggplant does come with its challenges. The plant is susceptible to pests like flea beetles, Colorado potato beetles, and whiteflies. Diseases such as powdery mildew and verticillium wilt can also pose problems. Inconsistent watering can lead to oddly shaped fruits, and cold temperatures can impair fruiting and ripening. Despite these hurdles, with proper care and attention, you can enjoy a bountiful harvest of this versatile vegetable.
Safety of Eggplant for Pets
Eggplant's leaves, stems, roots, and flowers are toxic to cats, dogs, and other pets. If you suspect your pet has ingested any part of the plant, contact the ASPCA 24-hour hotline immediately.
Frequently Asked Questions
Do eggplants re-seed or come back after one season?
Eggplants are perennial in warm climates (Zones 9b-12a) but are often grown as annuals in cooler regions. They do not re-seed naturally, so new plants need to be started each year from seeds or transplants.
How many eggplants can be harvested within 3 months of the first harvest?
Once eggplants start producing, you can typically harvest 4-6 fruits per plant over a three-month period, depending on the variety and growing conditions. Regular harvesting encourages more fruit production.
When should eggplants be pruned?
Prune eggplants to remove suckers and dead or diseased leaves. For perennial growth, prune in late winter or early spring to revitalize the plant. Pinching out terminal growing points can also encourage a bushier plant.
Can eggplants be dug up, repotted, and brought indoors?
Yes, eggplants can be dug up and repotted for indoor growth. Use a large container with well-draining soil and place it in a sunny spot. Ensure the indoor temperature stays between 70-90°F for optimal growth.
