How to Grow and Care for Cabbage

Cabbage, a cool-season vegetable, is known for its dense, leafy heads and comes in various types, including Savoy and red cabbage. While it thrives in cooler temperatures, it can be challenging for beginners due to its specific growing conditions and susceptibility to pests. With proper care, cabbage can be a rewarding addition to any garden.

• Common Names: Lombard Cabbage, Milan Cabbage, Savoy Cabbage
• Scientific Name: Brassica oleracea
• Plant Type: Cool Season Vegetable, Edible
• Plant Height: 1-2 ft.
• Growing Difficulty: Medium
• Growing Time: About 70 days
• Bloom Time: Not applicable
• Temperature: Best at 60 to 65°F
• Hardiness Zone: 2-11 (Find your hardiness zone here)
• Sunlight: Full Sun
• Soil pH: Neutral (6.0-8.0)
• Watering Frequency: Consistent soil moisture
• Plant Spacing: 12 inches - 3 feet

Different Methods to Grow Cabbage

Direct Sowing

Direct sowing involves planting cabbage seeds directly into the garden soil. This method is best for fall harvests and requires well-prepared soil and full sun.

• Pros: Simpler process, avoids transplant shock.
• Cons: Requires precise timing, young plants are vulnerable to pests.

Transplanting Seedlings

Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last frost, then transplant seedlings outdoors. This method allows for an earlier start in the growing season.

• Pros: Early start, stronger seedlings.
• Cons: Requires indoor space and equipment, risk of transplant shock.

Growing in Pots

Use a pot at least a foot wide and deep with fast-draining organic potting soil. This method is ideal for those with limited garden space.

• Pros: Suitable for small spaces, can be moved to optimal conditions.
• Cons: Smaller yield, requires frequent watering.

Ideal Soil and Location Requirements

For optimal cabbage growth, choose a sunny location with well-draining, loamy soil rich in organic matter. Ensure the soil pH is slightly acidic to neutral. Consistent moisture and avoiding planting near other Brassica species are also crucial for healthy development.

When to Plant Cabbage

Cabbage is best planted in early spring or late summer. Start seeds indoors 6-8 weeks before the last spring frost, and transplant seedlings outdoors 2-3 weeks before the last frost date. For a fall harvest, sow seeds outdoors or plant transplants in mid-to-late summer.

Growing Cabbage Outdoors

The best method to grow cabbage outdoors is by starting seeds indoors and then transplanting the seedlings outdoors. This method ensures that the plants are strong enough to withstand outdoor conditions and reduces the risk of damage from pests and adverse weather.

1. Start seeds indoors. Begin 6 to 8 weeks before the last spring frost. Sow seeds ¼ inch deep in seed trays filled with a quality seed-starting mix.
2. Provide optimal conditions. Keep the seed trays in a warm, sunny location. Maintain a temperature of 60 to 65°F and ensure the soil remains moist but not waterlogged.
3. Harden off seedlings. About a week before transplanting, gradually expose the seedlings to outdoor conditions. Start with a few hours a day and increase the time each day.
4. Prepare the garden bed. Choose a sunny spot with well-draining, loamy soil rich in organic matter. Mix in aged manure or compost to improve soil fertility.
5. Transplant seedlings. Transplant the hardened-off seedlings outdoors 2 to 3 weeks before the last spring frost. Space them 12 to 24 inches apart in rows 18 to 36 inches apart.
6. Water consistently. Ensure the soil remains consistently moist. Water about 2 inches per square foot per week, adjusting for rainfall.
7. Mulch and fertilize. Apply mulch around the plants to retain moisture and regulate soil temperature. Fertilize with a balanced 10-10-10 fertilizer two weeks after transplanting and again three weeks later.
8. Monitor for pests. Use wire mesh or netting to protect seedlings from pests. Handpick any visible pests and use organic pest control methods if necessary.
9. Harvest cabbage. Harvest when the heads are firm and reach the desired size, typically around 70 days. Cut the head at the base with a sharp knife and remove any yellow leaves.

Growing Cabbage Indoors

Growing cabbage indoors is feasible with the right conditions, such as controlled temperature and protection from pests. While it might not yield large heads, it can still produce new leaves. Here’s a step-by-step guide for home gardeners to grow cabbage indoors:

1. Start seeds indoors. Begin 6 to 8 weeks before the last spring frost. Use seed trays filled with a quality seed-starting mix.
2. Plant seeds. Sow seeds ¼ inch deep in the seed trays. Ensure they are evenly spaced.
3. Provide optimal light. Place the seed trays in a location with bright, indirect light. A sunny windowsill or under grow lights works well.
4. Maintain temperature. Keep the indoor temperature around 60 to 65°F. Avoid temperatures below 45°F.
5. Water consistently. Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Water about an inch per week.
6. Fertilize seedlings. Use a balanced organic vegetable fertilizer (10-10-10 NPK) according to the label instructions.
7. Thin seedlings. When seedlings are about 5 inches tall, thin them to ensure they are 18 inches to 2 feet apart.
8. Transplant to larger pots. Once seedlings are strong enough, transplant them to larger pots at least a foot wide and deep.
9. Continue care. Keep the pots in a sunny location and maintain consistent moisture. Fertilize every few weeks with compost or a balanced fertilizer.
10. Harvest leaves. Harvest leaves as needed once they reach the desired size. Use a sharp knife to cut them at the base.

Traditionally, cabbage seeds were planted on St. Patrick's Day in northern zones. Old-time farmers believed that to make them grow well, you needed to plant them while wearing your nightclothes!

Caring for Cabbage

1. Water consistently: Cabbage needs about an inch of water per week. Consistent moisture is key to preventing heads from splitting or rotting. Mulching around the plants can help retain soil moisture and regulate temperature.
2. Fertilize regularly: Start with a balanced 10-10-10 fertilizer two weeks after transplanting. Three weeks later, switch to a nitrogen-rich fertilizer to support leafy growth. Side-dressing with compost every few weeks can also keep the soil nutrient-rich.
3. Monitor for pests: Common pests like cabbage worms, aphids, and slugs can wreak havoc on your plants. Handpick pests when you see them, use row covers to protect young plants, and consider organic treatments like insecticidal soap or Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis).
4. Harvest at the right time: Cabbage is ready to harvest when the heads are firm and reach the desired size, typically around 70 days. Use a sharp knife to cut the head at its base. For a second crop, leave the outer leaves and roots in the garden to encourage new heads to form.
5. Practice crop rotation: To avoid soil-borne diseases, don't plant cabbage or other Brassicas in the same spot each year. Rotate your crops to different areas of your garden to keep the soil healthy and reduce the risk of disease.

Common Challenges With Cabbage

Growing cabbage can be a rewarding experience, but it's not without its challenges. While cabbage is a hardy vegetable that thrives in cool weather, it does require specific conditions to flourish. In my experience, the key to success lies in consistent care and attention to detail. Cabbage needs well-drained, loamy soil rich in organic matter and consistent moisture. If you can meet these needs, you'll find that cabbage is a relatively easy plant to grow.

However, cabbage is not without its common challenges. Pests like cabbage worms, aphids, and slugs can wreak havoc on your plants. Additionally, cabbage is susceptible to diseases such as black rot and clubroot. One of the most frustrating issues I've encountered is head splitting, often caused by heavy rainfall after a dry spell. To mitigate these problems, regular monitoring and preventive measures, such as crop rotation and organic pest control, are essential.

Safety of Cabbage for Pets

Cabbage is generally safe for cats, dogs, and other pets in small amounts. However, excessive consumption can lead to gastrointestinal upset. If you suspect your pet has ingested a large amount of cabbage, contact the ASPCA 24-hour hotline.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I prevent cabbage heads from splitting?

To prevent cabbage heads from splitting, maintain consistent soil moisture and avoid overwatering, especially after a dry spell. Mulching around the plants can help retain moisture and regulate soil temperature, reducing the risk of splitting.

What are the best companion plants for cabbage?

Companion plants like nasturtiums, mint, and rosemary can help deter pests such as cabbage worms and aphids. These plants either repel pests or attract beneficial insects that prey on cabbage pests, promoting healthier growth.

How can I store harvested cabbage?

Store harvested cabbage in a cool, humid environment, such as a refrigerator or root cellar. Wrap the heads in plastic to retain moisture. Properly stored, cabbage can last for several weeks to months, depending on the variety.

Why are my cabbage leaves turning yellow?

Yellowing cabbage leaves can indicate nutrient deficiencies, particularly nitrogen. Ensure regular fertilization with a balanced fertilizer and consider side-dressing with compost. Overwatering or poor drainage can also cause yellowing, so check soil moisture levels.