Basil, a beloved herb from the mint family, is cherished for its aromatic leaves and diverse flavors. Varieties like sweet basil, lemon basil, and Thai basil each offer unique tastes, from citrusy to licorice. Growing basil is relatively easy, requiring full sun, well-draining soil, and consistent moisture. However, it is sensitive to frost and needs protection from cold temperatures.
- Common Names: Sweet basil, Purple basil, Lemon basil
- Scientific Name: Ocimum basilicum
- Plant Type: Annual, herb, edible
- Plant Height: 12 to 24 inches
- Growing Difficulty: Easy
- Growing Time: 60 to 90 days
- Bloom Time: Summer
- Temperature: Daytime temperatures in the 70s, night temperatures above 50°F
- Hardiness Zone: 10-11 (Find your hardiness zone here)
- Sunlight: Full Sun
- Soil pH: 6.0 to 7.5
- Watering Frequency: Keep the soil moist
- Plant Spacing: 10 to 12 inches apart
Different Methods to Grow Basil
Starting Seeds Indoors
Seeds are started indoors 6 to 8 weeks before transplanting outside. Sow seeds no more than 1/4-inch deep. Germination occurs within 5 to 7 days. Once seedlings have 2 to 3 pairs of true leaves, they can be transplanted.
- Pros: Early start to the growing season, control over growing conditions.
- Cons: Requires space and equipment (grow lights), more time-consuming.
Transplanting Starter Plants
Small starter plants are purchased from a nursery and transplanted into the ground or containers once the soil has warmed to at least 50°F (10°C). Plants are spaced 10 to 12 inches apart.
- Pros: Less time-consuming, immediate results.
- Cons: Higher initial cost, limited variety compared to seeds.
Growing in Containers
Basil can be grown in containers with well-draining soil. Containers allow for better drainage and can be moved to optimal sunlight locations.
- Pros: Mobility, better drainage control, can be moved indoors during cold weather.
- Cons: Limited root space, requires frequent watering.
Ideal Soil and Location Requirements
Basil thrives in moderately fertile, well-draining soil that remains consistently moist. It requires a location with 6 to 8 hours of full sun daily but can tolerate partial shade in hotter climates. Raised beds or containers enhance drainage and mobility.
When to Plant Basil
Basil should be planted after the last frost in spring when temperatures are consistently above 50°F. Start seeds indoors 6 to 8 weeks before the last frost date. Transplant seedlings or sow seeds outdoors once the soil has warmed to at least 50°F, ideally around 70°F for optimal growth.
Growing Basil Outdoors
The best method to grow basil outdoors is by transplanting small starter plants purchased from a nursery. This method is the easiest because it ensures better control over growing conditions, leading to a higher success rate. Here’s a step-by-step guide for home gardeners to grow basil in their garden:
- Choose a sunny spot. Select a location that receives 6 to 8 hours of full sun daily.
- Prepare the soil. Ensure the soil is well-draining and moderately fertile. Amend with compost if needed to improve soil quality.
- Check the temperature. Wait until daytime temperatures are in the 70s and night temperatures are above 50°F before planting.
- Space the plants. Transplant starter plants 10 to 12 inches apart to allow for proper air circulation and growth.
- Plant the basil. Dig holes slightly larger than the root ball of each starter plant. Place the plants in the holes and cover the roots with soil, pressing gently to remove air pockets.
- Water thoroughly. After planting, water the basil plants deeply to help them establish in their new location.
- Mulch the soil. Apply a 2- to 3-inch layer of mulch around the plants to retain moisture and suppress weeds.
- Maintain moisture. Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Water the plants regularly, especially during dry periods.
- Prune regularly. Once the plants have six sets of leaves, prune above the second set to encourage bushier growth and prevent early flowering.
- Fertilize sparingly. Use a 5-10-5 fertilizer sparingly throughout the growing season to promote healthy leaf growth.
Growing Basil Indoors
Growing basil indoors is entirely possible and can be done successfully with the right approach. Here’s a step-by-step guide for home gardeners to grow basil indoors:
- Choose a sunny spot. Select a location that receives at least 6 hours of sunlight daily, such as a south-facing windowsill.
- Start seeds indoors. Begin 6 to 8 weeks before the last expected frost. Use seed trays or small pots filled with well-draining potting mix.
- Sow seeds. Plant seeds 1/4-inch deep in the soil. Lightly cover them and water gently.
- Maintain moisture. Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Use a spray bottle to mist the soil if necessary.
- Provide light. If natural light is insufficient, use grow lights. Position them 2 to 4 inches above the seedlings and keep them on for 14 to 16 hours a day.
- Transplant seedlings. Once seedlings have 2 to 3 pairs of true leaves, transplant them into larger pots, spacing them 10 to 12 inches apart.
- Water regularly. Ensure the soil remains moist but not soggy. Water the plants deeply when the top inch of soil feels dry.
- Fertilize sparingly. Use a balanced, water-soluble fertilizer every 4 to 6 weeks to promote healthy growth.
- Prune frequently. Once the plants have six sets of leaves, prune above the second set to encourage bushier growth and prevent early flowering.
- Harvest leaves. Start picking leaves when the plants are 6 to 8 inches tall. Regular harvesting encourages new growth.
Prevent your basil from blooming for as long as possible by harvesting or pinching off the top sets of leaves as soon as the plant reaches about 6 inches in height. If the plant sets flowers, it is on its way to seed and will not grow bushy and fill out with a lot of tasty leaves.
Caring for Basil
- Water consistently: Basil loves moisture, so keep the soil consistently moist, especially during dry periods. Deep watering is essential to ensure the roots get enough hydration.
- Prune regularly: To encourage bushier growth and prevent early flowering, prune your basil plants after they have produced their first six leaves. Pinch off the center shoot after about six weeks.
- Watch for pests: Common pests like aphids, beetles, and slugs can affect basil. Treat infestations with a soap solution made of 2 teaspoons of dishwashing liquid to a full gallon of water, covering the entire plant.
- Fertilize sparingly: Use a balanced, all-purpose fertilizer sparingly throughout the growing season. For container plants, feed every two weeks with diluted liquid fertilizer to ensure continuous leaf growth.
- Harvest frequently: Start picking leaves when the plants are 6 to 8 inches tall. Regular harvesting encourages new growth and keeps the plant productive. Harvest in the early morning when leaves are juiciest.
Common Challenges With Basil
Basil is a remarkably easy plant to grow, making it a favorite among both novice and experienced gardeners. Its versatility allows it to thrive in various settings, from garden beds to containers on a sunny windowsill. With the right conditions—full sun, well-draining soil, and consistent moisture—basil can flourish with minimal effort. In my experience, starting basil from seeds indoors gives a head start to the growing season, and transplanting them outside once the weather warms up ensures a bountiful harvest.
However, growing basil isn't without its challenges. Common pests like aphids and Japanese beetles can wreak havoc on the leaves, while diseases such as Fusarium wilt and basil downy mildew pose significant threats. Additionally, basil is highly sensitive to cold temperatures, which can cause leaves to yellow and develop brown spots. Ensuring proper spacing, avoiding overhead watering, and regular pruning can help mitigate these issues. Despite these challenges, with a bit of care and attention, basil remains a resilient and rewarding herb to cultivate.
Safety of Basil for Pets
Basil is non-toxic to cats and dogs, making it a safe herb for households with these pets. However, if you suspect your pet has ingested a harmful substance, contact the ASPCA 24-hour hotline immediately.
Frequently Asked Questions
How do you harvest basil?
Harvest basil by pinching off the leaves just above a pair of leaves. This encourages the plant to grow bushier. Regular harvesting promotes new growth and prevents the plant from flowering too early, which can affect the flavor of the leaves.
What are the common pests affecting basil?
Common pests include aphids, beetles, and slugs. These pests can be managed by using a soap solution made of 2 teaspoons of dishwashing liquid to a gallon of water. Spray the solution on the affected plants to control infestations.
How do you store basil?
Store basil by placing the stems in a glass of water, covering them loosely with a plastic bag, and keeping them at room temperature. For longer storage, basil leaves can be frozen or dried, though freezing preserves the flavor better.
Can basil be grown indoors?
Yes, basil can be grown indoors. Place the plant in a sunny spot that receives at least 6 hours of sunlight daily. If natural light is insufficient, use grow lights. Ensure the soil remains moist but not waterlogged, and prune regularly to encourage bushy growth.
